Article	The evolution of approaches to the formation of a system of urban dominants (landmarks) in a megacity, using Moscow as an example
Authors	Kazanov A.V., Moscow Architectural Institute (State Academy), Moscow, Russia
Abstract	The article examines the evolution of the system of urban landmarks in Moscow based on the analysis of key historical periods. The study relies on a systems analysis approach, which identifies patterns of interaction between landmarks, the urban space, the city fabric, and each other. The aim of the research is to identify the key factors shaping the system of landmarks. Recommendations are proposed for organizing this system of compositional accents and centers of attraction.
Keywords:	urban planning dominants (landmarks), systemic approach, modern metropolis, system of landmarks, interaction of urban framework and fabric
	Article (RUS)
References	Kuznetsov S.O. The analysis of activities for the management of the urban development process in Moscow at the beginning of the 18th – late 20th century. Academia. Architecture and Construction, 2020, no. 1, pp. 29-38. DOI: 10.22337/2077-9038-2020-1-29-38 Yargina Z.N., Kositsky Ya.V., Kudryavtsev O.V., Romanov V.V., Strukov A.I. Osnovy teorii gradostroitel’stva [Fundamentals of Urban Planning Theory]. Moscow, 1986, 326 p. Babenko A.G. Prostranstvennye orientiry i ikh funktsii v gorodskoy zastroyke (kand. dis.) [Spatial landmarks and their functions in urban development (Cand. Dis.)]. Moscow, 1986, 163 p. Baranov N.N. Siluet goroda [The city skyline]. Leningrad, 1980, 183 p. Sementsov S.V. Gradostroitel’noe razvitie Sankt-Peterburga v 1703-2000-e gody (Dоc. Dis.) [Urban development of Saint Petersburg from 1703 to the 2000 (Dоc. Dis.)]. Saint Petersburg, 2007, 266 p. Tugarinova S.D. Formirovanie arkhitekturno-khudozhestvennykh kontseptsiy vysotnykh zdaniy Moskvy 1930-1950-kh godov (kand. dis.) [Formation of architectural and artistic concepts of Moscow high-rise buildings of the 1930s-1950s (Cand. Dis)]. Moscow, 2018, 230 p. Available at: https://akademiya-stroganova.rf/uploads/catalogfiles/552_avtoreferat_tugarinova.pdf Volkova N.A., Blagovidova N.G. Dynamic of the urban dominants as the foundation for the sustainable development of the city. Architecture and Modern Information Technologies, 2009, no. 4(9). Available at: https://marhi.ru/AMIT/2009/4kvart09/Volkova/AMIT_9_paper_Volkova.pdf Gandelsman B.V. Problema dominant v istoricheskoy chasti Moskvy (kand. dis.) [The problem of dominants in the historical part of Moscow (Cand. Dis)]. Moscow, 1997, 202 p. Ikonnikov A.V. Arkhitektura goroda. Esteticheskie problemy kompozitsii [Urban Architecture. Aesthetic Problems of Composition]. Moscow, 1972, 216 p. Gutnov A.E. Evolyutsiya gradostroitelstva [The Evolution of Urban Planning]. Moscow, 1984, 256 p. Matveev M.I. Vektornyy faktor v vysotnom stroitel'stve kak element orientatsii v gorode na primere Moskvy [Vector factor in high-rise construction as an element of urban orientation using Moscow as an example]. 2018. Available at: https://lib.marhi.ru/MegaPro/UserEntry?Action=Link_FindDoc&id=129&idb=7 Lopatin N.E. Architectural dominant: generalization of knowledge and formation of theory of design. Architecton: Proceedings of Higher Education, 2009, no. 2(26), p. 5. Available at: https://archvuz.ru/2009_2/5/ Yakovlev V.P. Osnovy sistemnogo analiza [Fundamentals of systems analysis]. Saint Petersburg, 2023, 108 p. Available at: https://nizrp.narod.ru/metod/kafpriklmatiif/1681047174.pdf Petrovskaya E.I. The triune environment code and modeling of urban tissue. Architecture and Modern Information Technologies, 2020, no. 3(52). Available at: https://marhi.ru/AMIT/2020/3kvart20/PDF/11_petrovskaya.pdf DOI: 10.24411/1998-4839-2020-15211 Gutnov A.E. Strukturno-funktsional’naya organizatsiya i razvitie gradostroitel’nykh sistem (dok. dis.) [Structural and functional organization and development of urban planning systems (doc. dis.)]. Moscow, 1979, 336 p. Krasheninnikov A.V., Petrovskaya E.I. Prostranstvennyy karkas gradostroitel'nogo razvitiya [Spatial framework of urban development. Science, Education, and Experimental Design at MArchI: Abstracts of the International Scientific and Practical Conference of Faculty, Young Scientists, and Students]. Moscow, 2016, vol. 2, pp. 313-315. Moshkov A.V. Planirovka gorodskikh territoriy na 50 tys. zhiteley s perspektivoy razvitiya do 100 tys. zhiteley: metodicheskie ukazaniya [Planning of urban territories for 50,000 inhabitants with development prospects up to 100,000 inhabitants: methodological guidelines]. Moscow, MARKhI, 2009, 10 p. Kostrikin N. Rekonstruktsiya istoricheski tsennykh territoriy goroda [Reconstruction of historically valuable urban areas. A teaching aid for 5th and 6th year students majoring in Urban Planning]. Moscow, 2008, 84 p. Novikova Yu.O. Osnovy nauchnykh issledovaniy [Fundamentals of scientific research]. Vladimir, 2022, 172 p. Kudryavtsev M.P. Moskva – Tretiy Rim: istoriko-gradostroitel’noe issledovanie [Moscow as the Third Rome: a historical and urban planning study]. Moscow, 2008, 287 p. Bondarenko I.A. Krasnaya ploshchad' Moskvy: arkhitekturnyy ansambl' [Red Square of Moscow: architectural ensemble]. Moscow, 1991, 296 p. Grabar I.E. Istoriya russkogo iskusstva. T. 4: Arkhitektura [History of Russian Art. Vol. 4: Architecture]. Moscow, 1913, 104 p. Ikonnikov A.V. Arkhitektura Moskvy. XX vek [Architecture of Moscow. The twentieth century]. Moscow, 1984, 222 p. Antonova O.E. Rekonstruktsiya Moskvy: 1918-1940 gg. (kand. dis.) [Reconstruction of Moscow: 1918-1940 (Cand. Dis)]. Moscow, 2019, 271 p. Lisitsky L. Forum sotsialisticheskoy Moskvy [Forum of socialist Moscow]. Architecture of the USSR, 1934, no. 10, pp. 4-5. Kuznetsov S.O. Stalin and the first stages of the competition for the design of the Palace of Soviets (1931-1932). Architecture and Modern Information Technologies, 2019, no. 3(48). Available at: https://marhi.ru/AMIT/2019/3kvart19/PDF/04_kuznecov.pdf Kazanov A.V. Dominanty Moskvy “stalinskoy” epokhi i ikh interpretatsiya v XXI veke [Dominants of Stalin-era Moscow and their interpretation in the 21st century]. Urban Studies, 2025, no. 4, pp. 33-50. DOI: 10.7256/2310-8673.2025.4.77567 Kazanov A.V., Gandelsman B.V. Proekt tsentra yugo-vostochnoy planirovochnoy zony Moskvy na General'nom plane 1971 goda kak istochnik idey rekonstruktsii rayona Pechatniki v kontse XX – nachale XXI veka [Project of the center of the south-eastern planning zone of Moscow in the 1971 Master Plan as a source of reconstruction ideas for the Pechatniki district in the late 20th – early 21st century. Science, Education, and Experimental Design: Proceedings of the Moscow Architectural Institute (MARCHI)]. Moscow, 2024, pp. 211-216. Available at: https://marhi.editorum.ru/ru/nauka/conference_article/11409/view Golubeva E. Vysotnoe kol’tso Moskvy [The high-rise ring of Moscow]. Tall Buildings, 2006, no. 1/06, pp. 54-57. Fesenko D. Main Trends of Russian Urban Planning of the End of the 2000s – the Second Half of the 2010s. Architecture and Modern Information Technologies, 2020, no. 2(51), pp. 144-166. Available at: https://marhi.ru/AMIT/2020/2kvart20/PDF/10_fesenko.pdf DOI: 10.24411/1998-4839-2020 15110 14
	UDC 711.4.012(470-25) DOI: 10.24412/1998-4839-2026-1-157-177 EDN: ODBAJX
For citation	Kazanov A.V. The evolution of approaches to the formation of a system of urban dominants (landmarks) in a megacity, using Moscow as an example. Architecture and Modern Information Technologies, 2026, no. 1(74), pp. 157-177. Available at: https://marhi.ru/AMIT/2026/1kvart26/PDF/10_kazanov.pdf DOI: 10.24412/1998-4839-2026-1-157-177 EDN: ODBAJX
Article	Received by the editors on 03.02.2026; approved after review on 05.03.2026; accepted for publication on 10.03.2026; publication date: 15.03.2026